DAIRY DEVELOPMEMNT PROGRAMMES
1. Key Village Scheme (1952)
2. Intensive Cattle Development Programme (1965)
3. Operation flood I (1970 - 81)
4. Operation flood II (1979 - 85)
5. Operation flood III (1985 - 96)
6. Technology Mission on Dairy Development (1988)
KEY VILLAGE SCHEME (1952)
The initiation of KVS in August 1952 was the first systematic attempt to improve the quality and productivity of cattle and buffaloes on the country. Under the scheme “a Key Village block” consisted of one AI center along with four key village units attached to it. Each centre was consisting of three or four villages having altogether about 500 cows over three years of age. In KVS areas breeding was controlled and confined to three or four superior bulls specially marked out and maintained by the farmers for the purpose. The unapproved bulls were removed or castrated. Other essential features of cattle development, namely, maintenance of records of pedigrees and milk production, feeding and disease control, were received full attention at every centre. The technique of artificial insemination was utilised in those areas to accelerate progress and reduce the requirements of bulls. Proper administration and technical staffs consisting of one Veterinarian, one milk recorder and three stockmen were provided for each centre.
1. Key Village Scheme (1952)
2. Intensive Cattle Development Programme (1965)
3. Operation flood I (1970 - 81)
4. Operation flood II (1979 - 85)
5. Operation flood III (1985 - 96)
6. Technology Mission on Dairy Development (1988)
KEY VILLAGE SCHEME (1952)
The initiation of KVS in August 1952 was the first systematic attempt to improve the quality and productivity of cattle and buffaloes on the country. Under the scheme “a Key Village block” consisted of one AI center along with four key village units attached to it. Each centre was consisting of three or four villages having altogether about 500 cows over three years of age. In KVS areas breeding was controlled and confined to three or four superior bulls specially marked out and maintained by the farmers for the purpose. The unapproved bulls were removed or castrated. Other essential features of cattle development, namely, maintenance of records of pedigrees and milk production, feeding and disease control, were received full attention at every centre. The technique of artificial insemination was utilised in those areas to accelerate progress and reduce the requirements of bulls. Proper administration and technical staffs consisting of one Veterinarian, one milk recorder and three stockmen were provided for each centre.
The main activities were
1. To intensify the construction programme in the key village areas.
2. Extending the Progeny Testing Scheme to the Ongole breed in Andhra Pradesh and Kankrej in Gujarat.
3. Establishment of bull rearing farms
4. Development of grazing areas, increased production of fodder, improved arrangements for preserving it and better utilisation of agricultural' by-products, setting up two fodder banks and also a Grassland and Fodder Research Institute
INTENSIVE CATTLE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (1965)
The Key Village Scheme undoubtedly helped in creating pockets of high quality cattle in various parts of the country, where the superior progeny born were given much more milk than their dams. But of the vast magnitude of the cattle development problem, this scheme had not been able to make a very significant impact on cattle development and milk production.
Initiation of ICDP
At a seminar organized by the Central Council of Gosamvardhana at Aerey Milk Colony, Bombay in October, 1963, it was felt that to achieve a breakthrough in milk production, an ICD scheme specially designed to cover a sizable cattle population and envisaging adequate attention to all aspects of cattle development such as controlled breeding, proper feeding, effective disease control, duly supported by rural dairy extension activities, etc. should be taken up during the Fourth plan. The above recommendations of the seminar were accepted by the Government of India and an Intensive Cattle Development Programme was proposed by the Ministry of Agriculture for inclusion in the Fourth plan. It was, however, felt that there was urgent need and good scope for taking up an ICD project in the milk sheds of the dairy projects even during the later part of the Third plan itself particularly in view of the fact that the dairy plants set up at a huge cost in the public/cooperative sectors were handling milk far below their installed capacity.
Intensive Cattle Development Scheme
A scheme for ICD on the lines of Package Programme for agricultural production was initiated under the special development programme popularly known as Crash Programme sponsored by Ministry of Agriculture during the last two years of the Third Five Year Plan and continued during the years 1966-67, 1967-68 and 1968-69
Each ICDP covered a population of about one lakh breedable cows/buffaloes and envisaged simultaneous intensive application of cattle husbandry inputs at the peasantry level coupled with a strong and adequate organization for planning, guiding, supervising and effectively executing the projects. Each project is effectively linked up with a major dairy scheme to ensure ready and remunerative market for milk and milk products. The scheme aimed to increase the milk production to the extent of 30 per cent within a period of five years after the Project becomes operative.
Objectives of ICDP
The objectives of the ICDP were the same as the KVS but with much wider scope. It envisaged provision of packages of improved practices to the cattle owners to effect a breakthrough in milk production (National Commission on Agriculture, 1976).
The package included
Cattle breeding
Castration of scrub bulls
Veterinary aid and disease control
Registration and milk recording
Introduction of high yielding milch cattle
Providing production incentives and prizes for cattle owners maintaining high yielding stock
Feed and fodder development including demonstration, distribution of fodder seeds, silage making and popularization of chaff cutters; and
Dairy Extension
Periodical assessment and evaluation of the scheme
The programme was launched in milkshed areas of major dairy plants to ensure increased and steady flow of milk to these plants
Cattle Breeding
In order to ensure that adequate inputs reach the farmers timely and no difficulty is experienced by the farmers particularly in getting A.I facilities, each ICDP envisaged the establishment of one Central Semen Collection Station, four regional A.I Centres and 100 Stockmen centres.
High quality bulls were located at A.I Centres and the semen was transported to the stockmen centres by means of jeep. Bi-cycle, scooters, public buses as may be suitable to a particular area. Superior breeding bulls were also located at such stockmen centres established in remote and inaccessible areas for natural breeding.
All the scrub bulls in the area are castrated so that approved bulls in those centers are utilized for breeding purposes. For effective and expeditious castration of scrub bulls, a mass castration team was also formed in each ICDP. Further, to facilitate the castration of scrub bulls, Livestock Improvement Act was enforced in the areas covered by ICDP, so that no farmer may be allowed to breed his animal with bulls/semen other than those available from the Central Semen Bank / Regional AI Centres of the ICD Projects.
Feed and Fodder Development
Special emphasis had been laid on feed and fodder development in this project to cope up with increased production using crossbred cows. The programme of work included organization of fodder demonstration plots, distribution of seeds and planting materials of high yielding variety fodders and leguminous crops at subsidized rates, subsidized construction of silopits for fodder conservation, distribution of chaff cutters for effective utilization of fodder, grant-in-aid to the Panchayats for development of common grazing land, advancement of loans for construction of wells and installation of pumping sets for fodder production and setting up of feed mixing plants for production and distribution of readymade balanced cattle feeds to the farmers located under the ICD Projects at economic rates. Under this scheme it was also envisaged that fodder crops / leguminous crops must find a place in the normal cropping pattern followed in the area of operation of the Projects.
Animal Health
The cattle in the area covered by this project were periodically examined against common contagious diseases and are provided with adequate veterinary aid to prevent losses to the farmers. To facilitate disease control-work in the ICD Projects, Control of Animal Contagious Disease Act was also being enforced in the project areas. As crossbred animals are more susceptible to Foot and Mouth Disease, a very high priority was accorded to the production of Foot and Mouth Disease vaccine in the country for the protection of cross-bred animals and their progeny.
Rural Dairy Extension
Under this programme, wide varieties of programmes were taken up which were intended to promote collection and handling of milk and management of cattle. Besides formation of cooperative Milk Producers’ Societies, organization of calf rallies and exhibition of films, study tour of farmers and organization of farmers’ meeting form an integral part of this programme.
Short term training courses at NDRI, Karnal and its Southern Regional Station at Bangalore were conducted periodically for the benefit of the extension officers engaged in the ICDPs.
The scheme provided advancement of loans to farmers for purchase of milch animals/cattle feeds. Besides this, the institutions like nationalized banks, cooperative banks, agricultural refinance corporation, etc. offered credit facilities for purchase of milch animals.
Bench Mark Survey
The ICDP envisaged a bench mark survey of the areas selected for the location of the Project for ascertaining the initial conditions like level of milk production, marketing and utilization of milk, feed and fodder resources, etc. The survey was repeated after two or three years for assessing the impact of the programme. For this purpose a statistical cell was set up in each ICDP under the scheme.
Organisation
For successful implementation of the ICDP scheme a well-knit organization comprising specialized officers viz. Project Officer (In-charge of the Project), Cattle Development Officer, Feeds & Fodder Development Officer, Veterinary Officers, Statistical Officers, Assistant Registrar of Cooperative Societies, Dairy Extension Officers with necessary supporting staff had been provided in each ICDP. A Coordination Committee comprising the representatives of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Dairy Development, Cooperation and Rural Development, etc. had been set up in each Block to review the progress of the scheme periodically, identify bottlenecks and suggest remedial measures.
1. To intensify the construction programme in the key village areas.
2. Extending the Progeny Testing Scheme to the Ongole breed in Andhra Pradesh and Kankrej in Gujarat.
3. Establishment of bull rearing farms
4. Development of grazing areas, increased production of fodder, improved arrangements for preserving it and better utilisation of agricultural' by-products, setting up two fodder banks and also a Grassland and Fodder Research Institute
INTENSIVE CATTLE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (1965)
The Key Village Scheme undoubtedly helped in creating pockets of high quality cattle in various parts of the country, where the superior progeny born were given much more milk than their dams. But of the vast magnitude of the cattle development problem, this scheme had not been able to make a very significant impact on cattle development and milk production.
Initiation of ICDP
At a seminar organized by the Central Council of Gosamvardhana at Aerey Milk Colony, Bombay in October, 1963, it was felt that to achieve a breakthrough in milk production, an ICD scheme specially designed to cover a sizable cattle population and envisaging adequate attention to all aspects of cattle development such as controlled breeding, proper feeding, effective disease control, duly supported by rural dairy extension activities, etc. should be taken up during the Fourth plan. The above recommendations of the seminar were accepted by the Government of India and an Intensive Cattle Development Programme was proposed by the Ministry of Agriculture for inclusion in the Fourth plan. It was, however, felt that there was urgent need and good scope for taking up an ICD project in the milk sheds of the dairy projects even during the later part of the Third plan itself particularly in view of the fact that the dairy plants set up at a huge cost in the public/cooperative sectors were handling milk far below their installed capacity.
Intensive Cattle Development Scheme
A scheme for ICD on the lines of Package Programme for agricultural production was initiated under the special development programme popularly known as Crash Programme sponsored by Ministry of Agriculture during the last two years of the Third Five Year Plan and continued during the years 1966-67, 1967-68 and 1968-69
Each ICDP covered a population of about one lakh breedable cows/buffaloes and envisaged simultaneous intensive application of cattle husbandry inputs at the peasantry level coupled with a strong and adequate organization for planning, guiding, supervising and effectively executing the projects. Each project is effectively linked up with a major dairy scheme to ensure ready and remunerative market for milk and milk products. The scheme aimed to increase the milk production to the extent of 30 per cent within a period of five years after the Project becomes operative.
Objectives of ICDP
The objectives of the ICDP were the same as the KVS but with much wider scope. It envisaged provision of packages of improved practices to the cattle owners to effect a breakthrough in milk production (National Commission on Agriculture, 1976).
The package included
Cattle breeding
Castration of scrub bulls
Veterinary aid and disease control
Registration and milk recording
Introduction of high yielding milch cattle
Providing production incentives and prizes for cattle owners maintaining high yielding stock
Feed and fodder development including demonstration, distribution of fodder seeds, silage making and popularization of chaff cutters; and
Dairy Extension
Periodical assessment and evaluation of the scheme
The programme was launched in milkshed areas of major dairy plants to ensure increased and steady flow of milk to these plants
Cattle Breeding
In order to ensure that adequate inputs reach the farmers timely and no difficulty is experienced by the farmers particularly in getting A.I facilities, each ICDP envisaged the establishment of one Central Semen Collection Station, four regional A.I Centres and 100 Stockmen centres.
High quality bulls were located at A.I Centres and the semen was transported to the stockmen centres by means of jeep. Bi-cycle, scooters, public buses as may be suitable to a particular area. Superior breeding bulls were also located at such stockmen centres established in remote and inaccessible areas for natural breeding.
All the scrub bulls in the area are castrated so that approved bulls in those centers are utilized for breeding purposes. For effective and expeditious castration of scrub bulls, a mass castration team was also formed in each ICDP. Further, to facilitate the castration of scrub bulls, Livestock Improvement Act was enforced in the areas covered by ICDP, so that no farmer may be allowed to breed his animal with bulls/semen other than those available from the Central Semen Bank / Regional AI Centres of the ICD Projects.
Feed and Fodder Development
Special emphasis had been laid on feed and fodder development in this project to cope up with increased production using crossbred cows. The programme of work included organization of fodder demonstration plots, distribution of seeds and planting materials of high yielding variety fodders and leguminous crops at subsidized rates, subsidized construction of silopits for fodder conservation, distribution of chaff cutters for effective utilization of fodder, grant-in-aid to the Panchayats for development of common grazing land, advancement of loans for construction of wells and installation of pumping sets for fodder production and setting up of feed mixing plants for production and distribution of readymade balanced cattle feeds to the farmers located under the ICD Projects at economic rates. Under this scheme it was also envisaged that fodder crops / leguminous crops must find a place in the normal cropping pattern followed in the area of operation of the Projects.
Animal Health
The cattle in the area covered by this project were periodically examined against common contagious diseases and are provided with adequate veterinary aid to prevent losses to the farmers. To facilitate disease control-work in the ICD Projects, Control of Animal Contagious Disease Act was also being enforced in the project areas. As crossbred animals are more susceptible to Foot and Mouth Disease, a very high priority was accorded to the production of Foot and Mouth Disease vaccine in the country for the protection of cross-bred animals and their progeny.
Rural Dairy Extension
Under this programme, wide varieties of programmes were taken up which were intended to promote collection and handling of milk and management of cattle. Besides formation of cooperative Milk Producers’ Societies, organization of calf rallies and exhibition of films, study tour of farmers and organization of farmers’ meeting form an integral part of this programme.
Short term training courses at NDRI, Karnal and its Southern Regional Station at Bangalore were conducted periodically for the benefit of the extension officers engaged in the ICDPs.
The scheme provided advancement of loans to farmers for purchase of milch animals/cattle feeds. Besides this, the institutions like nationalized banks, cooperative banks, agricultural refinance corporation, etc. offered credit facilities for purchase of milch animals.
Bench Mark Survey
The ICDP envisaged a bench mark survey of the areas selected for the location of the Project for ascertaining the initial conditions like level of milk production, marketing and utilization of milk, feed and fodder resources, etc. The survey was repeated after two or three years for assessing the impact of the programme. For this purpose a statistical cell was set up in each ICDP under the scheme.
Organisation
For successful implementation of the ICDP scheme a well-knit organization comprising specialized officers viz. Project Officer (In-charge of the Project), Cattle Development Officer, Feeds & Fodder Development Officer, Veterinary Officers, Statistical Officers, Assistant Registrar of Cooperative Societies, Dairy Extension Officers with necessary supporting staff had been provided in each ICDP. A Coordination Committee comprising the representatives of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Dairy Development, Cooperation and Rural Development, etc. had been set up in each Block to review the progress of the scheme periodically, identify bottlenecks and suggest remedial measures.
OPERATION FLOOD PHASE I (1970 - 80)
Operation flood (OF) can rightly be considered the world’s biggest diary development programme in terms of its coverage and longevity. It covers over 10 million rural milk –producing household all over India, and initially launched on July 1970, it is still under way. It is credited with having ushered in the ‘white Revolution ‘in India, by creating a flood of rurally produced milk and enabling India to achieve self sufficiency in milk and milk products.
Objectives
OF was aimed at creating virtual ‘flood’ of rurally produced milk in India, by helping rural milk producers in 18 milk sheds in 10 selected states of India to organize Anand pattern diary cooperatives (APDC).the basic philosophy behind OF was that milk production in rural milk sheds could be encouraged only by providing an efficient channel and ready market for the rurally produced milk. The milk production, procurement, processing and marketing organizations were to be organized on Anand model cooperators, which had already provide to be successful before OF.
More specially, the main objectives of phase one of OF were as follows (WFP 1981:4)
1. To make available wholesome milk at stable and reasonable prices to the bulk of city consumers – including vulnerable group like pre-school children and nursing and expectant mothers with major effects on protein intake.
2. To enable the diary organizations involved in the project to identify and satisfy the needs of consumers preferences could be fulfilled economically, and producers could earn a large share of the amount paid by consumers for their milk.
3. To improve productivity of diary farming in rural areas, with the long term objective of achieving of self sufficiency in milk, there by bringing about major increase in agricultural output and incomes , with special emphases on the improvement of the income of small farmers and landless people .
4. To remove diary cattle from the cities , where they represent a growing problem of genetic waste, social cost and public health.
5. to establish a board basis for the accelerated development of the national diary industry in the project period, as well as the post project period.
Instruments Used by OF
To achieve the objectives of OF-I, the main line of action contemplated were as follows:
1. Major increases in the capacity and throughput of dairy processing facilities, including the establishment of new city milk plants.
2. Competitive transfer of the bulk of the urban markets from the traditional suppliers of raw milk to the modern dairies.
3. Development of the basic transportation and storage network to facilitate the regional and seasonal balance of milk supply and demand.
4. Resettlement in rural areas of city-kept cattle and buffaloes.
5. Development of milk procurement system in appropriate rural areas in order to provide raw milk a channel which was more remunerative than the traditional channel.
6. Improvement in standards of dairy farming by an improved programme of feeding and management, animal breeding, veterinary services, feed supplies and management and related extension services, thereby increasing milk yield per animal.
The AMUL Model of Dairy Development
Operation flood sought to replicate the AMUL model of dairy development all over India. The AMUL model is based on the Anand Pattern Cooperative structure, which seems to be the most appropriate form of people organization for rural development. The Anand Pattern Dairy Cooperatives (APDCs) formulate and implement their own policies and programmes for dairy development in their area, and hire professional managers and technicians for these purposes. The role of the government limited to assisting the cooperatives financially, in implementing their own programmes. Government funds for dairy development are placed at the disposal of the cooperatives.
The main features of Anand pattern cooperatives are
decentralized milk production by the small milk producers;
milk procurement by the village-level dairy cooperative societies;
centralized milk processing by the district-level unions; and
marketing of milk and milk products by the state-level federation.
The Anand pattern cooperative structure has the following salient features:
Three-tier Organizational Structure
This consists of milk producers’ cooperative society at the village level, a cooperative milk producers’ union at the district level and a cooperative milk p-roducers’ federation at the state level. This structure permits the horizontal and vertical integration at integration of all the dairy development activities in a state, and makes it possible to realize the economies of scale in procurement, processing and marketing of milk through the use of modern technology.
Producer-elected Leadership and decentralized Decision Making
Milk producers who are members in good standing of their village cooperatives constitute a pool from which policy makers are elected. Management committee at the society level and board of directors at both the union and federation levels have both powers and responsibilities for formulating their respective policies, and appointing their chief executives who are responsible for implementing the policies. This democratic decentralized policy making structure may well be called an organizational innovation which has evolved over some 50 years since 1946, when the first Anand pattern cooperative was founded.
Cadre of Professionally competent Managers and Technicians
Special emphasis is placed on finding, attracting and retaining professionally competent managers, technicians and other supporting staff, to ensure the most efficient functioning of the system. A management institute called the Institute of Rural Management, Anand (IRMA) was specially established by NDDB to meet the managerial manpower requirements of the Anand pattern rural producers’ organization in the cooperative sector.
Provision of necessary production inputs and services
Anand pattern cooperatives provide their members with all the necessary inputs and services for increasing milk production. Nutritious and well balanced cattle feed is supplied by the unions throughout the year at a reasonable price and in adequate quantities through the village cooperatives, strictly on a cash basis. Artificial insemination to upgrade local stock of milch animals, necessary animal health care and improved quality of fodder seeds are also provided by the unions to the members at nominal cost.
Integration of Production, Processing and Marketing
The three functions are fully integrated to derive benefits from the backward and forward linkages between them and to eliminate the exploitation of producers and consumers by intermediaries. The year-round assured market at remunerative prices for producers’ milk provides the necessary incentives for the producers to increase their milk production.
Continuous and concurrent audit
This is to ensure clean business and to minimize the chance of corruption.
Cash payment for milk daily/weekly/fortnightly on the basis of fat content
This is to meet the periodic requirements and also in maintaining their faith in the system.
Contribution to village amenities
Anand pattern village cooperatives set aside a considerable portion of their annual net profits to help provide basic village amenities and facilities and this helps to win the loyalty and support of other villagers who are not members of the cooperatives.
Finance
Operation flood-I was financed by the funds generated from the sale of 1,26,000 tonnes of skimmed milk powder and 42,000 tonnes of butter oil donated to India by the World Food Programme(WFP), an agency of Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations(UN). The funds generated from the sale of donated dairy commodities were utilized for the OF programme and those funds were managed by IDC on behalf of GOI.
Operation flood (OF) can rightly be considered the world’s biggest diary development programme in terms of its coverage and longevity. It covers over 10 million rural milk –producing household all over India, and initially launched on July 1970, it is still under way. It is credited with having ushered in the ‘white Revolution ‘in India, by creating a flood of rurally produced milk and enabling India to achieve self sufficiency in milk and milk products.
Objectives
OF was aimed at creating virtual ‘flood’ of rurally produced milk in India, by helping rural milk producers in 18 milk sheds in 10 selected states of India to organize Anand pattern diary cooperatives (APDC).the basic philosophy behind OF was that milk production in rural milk sheds could be encouraged only by providing an efficient channel and ready market for the rurally produced milk. The milk production, procurement, processing and marketing organizations were to be organized on Anand model cooperators, which had already provide to be successful before OF.
More specially, the main objectives of phase one of OF were as follows (WFP 1981:4)
1. To make available wholesome milk at stable and reasonable prices to the bulk of city consumers – including vulnerable group like pre-school children and nursing and expectant mothers with major effects on protein intake.
2. To enable the diary organizations involved in the project to identify and satisfy the needs of consumers preferences could be fulfilled economically, and producers could earn a large share of the amount paid by consumers for their milk.
3. To improve productivity of diary farming in rural areas, with the long term objective of achieving of self sufficiency in milk, there by bringing about major increase in agricultural output and incomes , with special emphases on the improvement of the income of small farmers and landless people .
4. To remove diary cattle from the cities , where they represent a growing problem of genetic waste, social cost and public health.
5. to establish a board basis for the accelerated development of the national diary industry in the project period, as well as the post project period.
Instruments Used by OF
To achieve the objectives of OF-I, the main line of action contemplated were as follows:
1. Major increases in the capacity and throughput of dairy processing facilities, including the establishment of new city milk plants.
2. Competitive transfer of the bulk of the urban markets from the traditional suppliers of raw milk to the modern dairies.
3. Development of the basic transportation and storage network to facilitate the regional and seasonal balance of milk supply and demand.
4. Resettlement in rural areas of city-kept cattle and buffaloes.
5. Development of milk procurement system in appropriate rural areas in order to provide raw milk a channel which was more remunerative than the traditional channel.
6. Improvement in standards of dairy farming by an improved programme of feeding and management, animal breeding, veterinary services, feed supplies and management and related extension services, thereby increasing milk yield per animal.
The AMUL Model of Dairy Development
Operation flood sought to replicate the AMUL model of dairy development all over India. The AMUL model is based on the Anand Pattern Cooperative structure, which seems to be the most appropriate form of people organization for rural development. The Anand Pattern Dairy Cooperatives (APDCs) formulate and implement their own policies and programmes for dairy development in their area, and hire professional managers and technicians for these purposes. The role of the government limited to assisting the cooperatives financially, in implementing their own programmes. Government funds for dairy development are placed at the disposal of the cooperatives.
The main features of Anand pattern cooperatives are
decentralized milk production by the small milk producers;
milk procurement by the village-level dairy cooperative societies;
centralized milk processing by the district-level unions; and
marketing of milk and milk products by the state-level federation.
The Anand pattern cooperative structure has the following salient features:
Three-tier Organizational Structure
This consists of milk producers’ cooperative society at the village level, a cooperative milk producers’ union at the district level and a cooperative milk p-roducers’ federation at the state level. This structure permits the horizontal and vertical integration at integration of all the dairy development activities in a state, and makes it possible to realize the economies of scale in procurement, processing and marketing of milk through the use of modern technology.
Producer-elected Leadership and decentralized Decision Making
Milk producers who are members in good standing of their village cooperatives constitute a pool from which policy makers are elected. Management committee at the society level and board of directors at both the union and federation levels have both powers and responsibilities for formulating their respective policies, and appointing their chief executives who are responsible for implementing the policies. This democratic decentralized policy making structure may well be called an organizational innovation which has evolved over some 50 years since 1946, when the first Anand pattern cooperative was founded.
Cadre of Professionally competent Managers and Technicians
Special emphasis is placed on finding, attracting and retaining professionally competent managers, technicians and other supporting staff, to ensure the most efficient functioning of the system. A management institute called the Institute of Rural Management, Anand (IRMA) was specially established by NDDB to meet the managerial manpower requirements of the Anand pattern rural producers’ organization in the cooperative sector.
Provision of necessary production inputs and services
Anand pattern cooperatives provide their members with all the necessary inputs and services for increasing milk production. Nutritious and well balanced cattle feed is supplied by the unions throughout the year at a reasonable price and in adequate quantities through the village cooperatives, strictly on a cash basis. Artificial insemination to upgrade local stock of milch animals, necessary animal health care and improved quality of fodder seeds are also provided by the unions to the members at nominal cost.
Integration of Production, Processing and Marketing
The three functions are fully integrated to derive benefits from the backward and forward linkages between them and to eliminate the exploitation of producers and consumers by intermediaries. The year-round assured market at remunerative prices for producers’ milk provides the necessary incentives for the producers to increase their milk production.
Continuous and concurrent audit
This is to ensure clean business and to minimize the chance of corruption.
Cash payment for milk daily/weekly/fortnightly on the basis of fat content
This is to meet the periodic requirements and also in maintaining their faith in the system.
Contribution to village amenities
Anand pattern village cooperatives set aside a considerable portion of their annual net profits to help provide basic village amenities and facilities and this helps to win the loyalty and support of other villagers who are not members of the cooperatives.
Finance
Operation flood-I was financed by the funds generated from the sale of 1,26,000 tonnes of skimmed milk powder and 42,000 tonnes of butter oil donated to India by the World Food Programme(WFP), an agency of Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations(UN). The funds generated from the sale of donated dairy commodities were utilized for the OF programme and those funds were managed by IDC on behalf of GOI.
SPECIAL LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (1975 - 76)
Special livestock development programme (SLDP) was launched in 1975 – 76 with the aim of providing greater opportunities to the weaker sections of the rural masses. The expenditure was to be shared by the central and state governments on a 50:50 basis. The programme was in operation in 21 states and four Union Territories
TECHNOLOGY MISSION ON DAIRY DEVELOPMENT (1988)
A Technology Mission on Dairy Development (TMDD) was constituted by the GOI in August 1988 to complement and supplement the efforts made under OF for dairy development. The main objective of TMDD was to optimize the use of available inputs, resources and infra structural facilities established under OF. Under the Operational Linkage Programme (OLP) being implemented under the auspices of TMDD in 171 districts in 14 states, integrated district annual plans were prepared by the District Level Coordination Committees (DLCCs). These plans were prepared taking into account the resources available for dairy development with the state governments, the dairy objectives, and the NGOs concerned. The TMDD also organizes orientation programmes for officers involved in implementing and monitoring OLP conducts studies to determine the extent of incidence of various animal diseases and to evaluate various veterinary vaccines and biological production. Use of Urea Molasses Blocks (UMB) as feed supplement was also promoted.
GOSADAN SCHEME (1948)
Home for unproductive and uneconomic cows. The gosadan scheme, which was worked out by the Cattle Preservation and Development Committee in 1948, was introduced as a partial answer to this problem. The scheme envisages segregation of useless cattle so as to avoid their further multiplication and the resultant damage to crops. Over the past ten years 59 gosadans have been established, 25 during the First Plan and 34 during the Second Plan. In the Third plan it is proposed to set up 23 more gosadans. In its very nature, the programme for establishing gosadans presents certain difficulties, the most important of these being the non-availabity of suitable sites in the interior of forest areas where the necessary grazing facilities are available. The scheme has been modified from time to time with a view to making gosadans a more economic proposition. In this connection, the need for providing facildries for the full utilisation of hides, bones, horns, etc. has been stressed and attempts have been made to reduce overhead costs.
Gaushala
Goushala is the sanctuary or the abode for old, sick, abandoned and stray animals, especially cows and its progeny.
Special livestock development programme (SLDP) was launched in 1975 – 76 with the aim of providing greater opportunities to the weaker sections of the rural masses. The expenditure was to be shared by the central and state governments on a 50:50 basis. The programme was in operation in 21 states and four Union Territories
TECHNOLOGY MISSION ON DAIRY DEVELOPMENT (1988)
A Technology Mission on Dairy Development (TMDD) was constituted by the GOI in August 1988 to complement and supplement the efforts made under OF for dairy development. The main objective of TMDD was to optimize the use of available inputs, resources and infra structural facilities established under OF. Under the Operational Linkage Programme (OLP) being implemented under the auspices of TMDD in 171 districts in 14 states, integrated district annual plans were prepared by the District Level Coordination Committees (DLCCs). These plans were prepared taking into account the resources available for dairy development with the state governments, the dairy objectives, and the NGOs concerned. The TMDD also organizes orientation programmes for officers involved in implementing and monitoring OLP conducts studies to determine the extent of incidence of various animal diseases and to evaluate various veterinary vaccines and biological production. Use of Urea Molasses Blocks (UMB) as feed supplement was also promoted.
GOSADAN SCHEME (1948)
Home for unproductive and uneconomic cows. The gosadan scheme, which was worked out by the Cattle Preservation and Development Committee in 1948, was introduced as a partial answer to this problem. The scheme envisages segregation of useless cattle so as to avoid their further multiplication and the resultant damage to crops. Over the past ten years 59 gosadans have been established, 25 during the First Plan and 34 during the Second Plan. In the Third plan it is proposed to set up 23 more gosadans. In its very nature, the programme for establishing gosadans presents certain difficulties, the most important of these being the non-availabity of suitable sites in the interior of forest areas where the necessary grazing facilities are available. The scheme has been modified from time to time with a view to making gosadans a more economic proposition. In this connection, the need for providing facildries for the full utilisation of hides, bones, horns, etc. has been stressed and attempts have been made to reduce overhead costs.
Gaushala
Goushala is the sanctuary or the abode for old, sick, abandoned and stray animals, especially cows and its progeny.
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